Technologies Of Adaptive Landscape Farming System

2024 Author: Sebastian Paterson | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 13:47

According to the level of soil cultivation, the use of intensive varieties, the quality of the seed, the use of organic and mineral fertilizers, means of combating weeds, diseases and pests in landscape agriculture, technologies are divided into three types:

High technologies (A) - a system for obtaining the highest yield of agricultural crops and high-quality products in specific conditions of an agricultural landscape using the latest knowledge based on high-intensity varieties, integrated plant protection, the use of fertilizers, which allow realizing the potential of a new variety by more than 80-95% at minimal costs labor and high return on material and technical and financial resources. It is advisable to apply high technologies on well-cultivated soils and to strictly observe all technological links.

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Intensive technologies (B) - a system for obtaining a high yield and high quality agricultural products by partially compensating for the removal of nutrients from the crop, sparing measures to protect plants from diseases, pests and weeds. Intensive technologies ensure the realization of the potential of the variety only by 60-65%, since fertilizers and plant protection measures are only partially implemented.

Normal (traditional) technologies (B) - a system for obtaining crop products with the maximum use of the natural fertility of the soil and resources of the agricultural landscape, ensuring the realization of the variety's potential by no more than 40%. These technologies are most likely related to variants of "predatory" farming, leading to a decrease in soil fertility. They are not able to protect plants well and ensure the ecological purity of products for humans.

A comparative assessment of traditional, intensive and adaptive landscape technologies and the corresponding baseline levels of soil cultivation, plant varieties and levels of environmental safety are presented in the table.

The name of indicators	Technologies
	traditional (B)	intense (B)	adaptive landscape (A)
Tillage	random	soil protection	optimal
Applicable plant varieties	random	intense	zoned with specified parameters
Product quality	undefined	satisfactory	balanced
Environmental risk (soil degradation and pollution)	tall	reduced	minimum
Planned yield of green manure crops, kg / m²	0.3 - 1.2	1.2 - 3.0	3.0 - 5.0
carrots	1.0 - 3.0	3.0 - 5.0	5.0 - 7.0
cabbage	1.5 - 4.0	4.0 - 7.0	7.0 - 10.0
potatoes	0.5 - 2.0	2.0 - 3.5	3.5 - 5.0

In an adaptive-landscape farming system, it is necessary to use only those plant varieties that are recommended for cultivation in accordance with the State Register of Varieties, published annually.

For example, when growing potatoes for the North-West region, including the Leningrad region, the following varieties are recommended: Zhukovsky early, Red Scarlet, Latona, Santa, Alova, Radonezh, Ladozhsky, Ryabinushka, Nevsky, Elizaveta, Aurora, Petersburg, Snegir, Izora, Rozhdestvensky, Timo, Luck, Naiad, Pushkinets, Detskoselsky, Chaika, Skarb.

Recommended varieties and hybrids of carrots are as follows: Vitamin-6, Losinoostrovskaya-13, Montana Magno F1, Nandrin F1, NIIOH-336, Shantane 2461, Mapc F1, Bangor F1, Canada F1, Moscow winter A-515.

Recommended varieties and hybrids of white cabbage - Kazachok F1, June, Hermes F1, Perfect F1, Transfer F1, Number one polar, K-206, Slava 1305, Belorusskaya 455, Gift, Kpaytman F1, Lennox F1, Kolobok F1, Kharkiv winter, Amager 611, Creumont F1.

Each potential user of land and producer of this or that agricultural product has the opportunity to independently choose one or another type of technology for himself. But if, based on the available financial capabilities, the state of the garden plot, the availability of material and technical means, it is not possible to immediately master the entire area for high technologies, then it can be mastered in parts, starting from a small plot.

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Application of plant protection products

Plants are affected by diseases and various insects, rodents and birds. The methods of dealing with them are also varied:

• first of all, these are agrotechnical, which are of a preventive nature, partially limiting the damage to plants;
• in the second place - physical and mechanical methods, consisting in the use of traps, heat treatments and collection of pests, diseased plant parts by hand, composting plant residues;
• thirdly, biological methods, which consist in creating favorable conditions for local predators and parasites-pests (toads, frogs, hedgehogs, ants, ladybugs and others), eating the prey immediately or laying their eggs in the victim's tissue, as well as in the use of biological preparations;
• and finally, chemical methods based on the use of pesticides.

Pesticides are classified into:

• insecticides - for insect control,
• acaricides - to combat ticks,
• molluscicides - to kill slugs and molluscs,
• fungicides - to fight diseases,
• herbicides - against weeds.

The adaptive landscape system uses the whole range of methods with some restrictions on the use of pesticides.

The plant protection system using pesticides is compiled in accordance with the State Catalog of Pesticides and Agrochemicals Permitted for Use on the Territory of the Russian Federation and the Forecast of the spread of pests, diseases and weeds in the North-West region of the Russian Federation. Pesticides prohibited for use in horticulture, personal subsidiary plots, and pesticides approved for use are well described in this Catalog. The catalog can always be found on the Internet. There you can also find the doses and conditions for the use of approved drugs, as well as phytosanitary measures using alternative means, folk methods of plant protection.

Proper soil cultivation as a habitat for many plant pests, selected zoned varieties that are resistant to local conditions, pests and diseases, significantly increase the effectiveness of protective measures and often make it possible to abandon chemical treatments.

Before gardeners and vegetable growers, the question always arises about the advisability of carrying out measures for the treatment of plants with pesticides. If the pest caused significant damage to plants last year, then it is very necessary to fight it with pesticides this year. Gardeners and gardeners can outline pest control measures for fruit and vegetable crops using the pest harmfulness thresholds established by scientists (the number of individuals per plant with the number of inhabited plants in%), when it is economically and environmentally expedient to use pesticides.

For example, chemical treatments are required at the following thresholds of harmfulness: pea weevil (peas, budding) - 1-2 beetles per sweep of the net; weevils (beets, seedlings) - an average of 0.3 beetles per 1 m²; beetroot fleas (beets, seedlings) - 1 beetle per 1 m²; cruciferous fleas (cabbage, seedlings) - 3 beetles per plant on 10 percent of plants; cabbage whites (cabbage, leaf whorl) - 5% leaves with clutches of eggs; onion fly and onion burrower (onion, feather growth) 3 eggs per plant, 25% plants and 5 larvae per plant; Colorado potato beetle (potato, budding) - 10 larvae per bush with 5% of plants inhabited by larvae; wireworm (potatoes before planting) - 5 larvae per 1 m²

Comparative assessment of traditional, intensive and adaptive landscape technologies and the corresponding baseline levels of pesticide use, given in the table, above which the use of plant protection products for environmental reasons is inappropriate.

The name of indicators	Technologies
	traditional (B)	intense (B)	adaptive landscape (A)
Plant protection	passive	integrated	biologized
Environmental risk (soil degradation and pollution)	tall	reduced	minimum
Herbicide doses, g / m² for potatoes	0	0.2	0.2
cabbage	0	0.2-0.34	0.34 - 0.44
carrots	0	0,4	0.6
Doses of fungicides, g / m2 for potatoes	0 - 0.2	0.2-0.4	0.4 - 0.6
cabbage	0	with seeds	with seeds
carrots	0	with seeds	with seeds
Doses of insecticides, g / m² for potatoes	0	0.03	0.05
cabbage	0 - 0.02	0.02	0.02 - 0.05
carrots	0 - 0.05	0.05	0.05

In accordance with the Forecast of the spread of pests, diseases and weeds in the North-West region of the Russian Federation, for example, on potatoes, the Colorado potato beetle is the most harmful, as well as aphids, vectors of viral diseases. Considering the low level of the beetle population in 2010-2012, its harmfulness is assumed to be low so far. Chemical treatments are economically justified when the pest is colonized in the germination phase - 5% of the bushes; in the budding phase - 10% of the bushes; in the flowering phase - 15% of the bushes; after flowering - 20% of the bushes. The observed decline in the number and a sharp decrease in the foci of the Colorado potato beetle should be considered a temporary phenomenon caused by the unfavorable wintering conditions of the pest. However, there is a high probability of a new rise in the number and dispersal of the beetle from the surviving foci.

On potato plantings, some types of aphids are of economic and economic importance - such as ordinary potato, large potato, black legume or beet, buckthorn and buckthorn, and in some cases, species of aphids that migrate to potato planting in summer from greenhouses - melon and peach aphid. In addition to crop losses from damage to the aboveground parts of plants by these pests during the years of mass reproduction, they pose a danger as carriers of most viral diseases of potatoes, and, mainly, viruses of ordinary, wrinkled and banded mosaics, twisting of potato leaves and others.

On vegetable crops, cabbage flies, cruciferous fleas and white beetles will pose a danger. The existing wintering stock of cabbage flies will ensure their mass distribution in 2013 as well. The number and level of harmfulness of flies will be determined by weather conditions during the period of additional feeding and egg-laying of flies, as well as by the level of organization of protective treatments. Chemical treatments are effective during the period of mass flight and egg-laying of flies. Treatment with drugs is economically justified when populating more than 10% of plants. The harmfulness of cruciferous flea beetles can be perceptible in dry, hot weather in the second half of May - early June. Despite the fact that in 2012 the first generation of cabbage and turnip whites did not have economic value, one must still bear in mind thatthat the number and harmfulness of the second generation was determined by the weather conditions of the summer period.

Read all parts of the article about adaptive landscape farming:

• What is adaptive landscape farming

• Components of an adaptive landscape farming system

• Devices and methods in an adaptive landscape farming system

• Summer cottage farming: mapping fields, observing crop rotation

• Determining the structure of crops and crop rotations

• Fertilizer system as a basic element of summer cottage farming

• What fertilizers are needed for various vegetable crops

• Tillage systems

• Technologies of adaptive landscape farming system

• Black and pure fallow